Impact Of Hiv In Nigeria - 704 Words

With an estimated population of 186.5 million (PRB 2016) and an HIV prevalence of 3.4% (FMoH 2013), HIV/AIDS continues to be a major public health concern in Nigeria. Recent estimates indicate that the annual number of new infections in the country has been on a steady decline, decreasing from 288,870 in 2009 to 220,394 in 2013 (NACA 2014). Nigeria’s epidemic is generalized, with wide variations in HIV prevalence within the country, across age groups, and population sub-groups. Across age groups, the national HIV prevalence ranges from 2.9% (15-19 years) to 4.4% (35-39 years). Geographically, the HIV prevalence is highest in the South-South zone (5.5%) and lowest in the South-East Zone (1.8%) (FMoH 2013). A significant proportion of new†¦show more content†¦Geographically, the HIV prevalence varied by states and ranged from 11.3% in Cross River to as high as 41.3% in Lagos (FMoH 2010a) and by age group 12.4% (15-19 years) to 32.3 (25-49 years). The vulnerability of interventions targeted at MSM is exacerbated by culture, religion, political-will (Allman , et al. 2007) and criminalization of same sex practices (Federal Republic of Nigeria 1990, National Assembly 2011) that exist and make them a hard-to-reach population. Besides, factors such as poverty, stigma and discrimination, lack of involvement of MSM in †¨program planning and implementation, illiteracy, lack of social support, violence indirectly contributes to HIV/AIDS transmission or prevent desired changes from occurring at the individual, structural, community, and national level (Measure Evaluation 2011). Similarly, multiple concurrent partnerships, transactional sex, lack of effective services for sexually tra nsmitted infections (STIs), poor quality of health services, and high risk sexual practices (Stromdahl, et al. 2012, UNAIDS 2011) also increase the vulnerability to HIV. Since 2007, findings from IBBSS study sparked the interest of stakeholders on the existence of MSM and provided evidence to justify the need for the development of HIV programming for keyShow MoreRelatedTaking a Lookat Hepatitis C Virus1718 Words   |  7 Pagesconcern about the growing problem of the HIV and HCV prevalence in Africa, where the major route of transmission of HIV is through the sexual route. Co-infection with HCV and HIV is common due to shared routes of transmission – via blood and blood products and sharing of needles for injecting drugs. About 40 million people are estimated to be infected with HIV worldwide of which approximately 4-5 million are co-infected with HCV (Alter, 2006). Co-infection with HIV and HCV are common due to shared routesRead MoreA Research Study On Regulatory Environment766 Words   |  4 PagesRegulatory environment †¢ TB is a notifiable disease in Nigeria. The TBLS in each LGA routinely conducts TB surveillance by ensuring information on all newly-diagnosed patients are entered in the LGA TB Central Register in accordance to the NTBLCP guidelines. The TBLS collects information from both public and private facilities on the NTP. †¢ The State TBLCP manages TB activities at the state level and ensures TB interventions are implemented with the framework of the National guideline. †¢ QuarterlyRead MoreTuberculosis Is The Most Common Opportunistic Infection And Cause Of Death Among People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus1685 Words   |  7 PagesTuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection and cause of death among people living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Olaniran, Hassan-Olajokun, Oyovwevotu Agunlejika, 2011). HIV-positive patients have about a 20-37 folds higher chance of developing Tuberculosis than their HIV-negative counterparts (Kamath, Sharma, Pattanshetty, Hegde Chandrasekaran, 2013) The interaction between these two diseases has synergistic effect leading to excessive burden on the patient, theirRead MoreA Brief Note On Lgbt Persons And Development1599 Words   |  7 PagesSSMPA, LGBT Persons and Development in Nigeria. In the first month of 2014, the former Nigerian president, Goodluck Jonathan signed into law the Same-Sex Marriage Prevention Act (SSMPA). The day he signed it, he effectively pushed the already greatly oppressed LGBT population further into the closet. The effect of the law wasn’t only symbolic in the fact that it inconvenienced the LGBT population, but it made their whole identity a punishable offence, while barring them from even organizing to appealRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On African Nation1353 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch like Nigeria but it does take a toll on the smaller nations and the large debtor nations. There are large amounts money being used in Africa for developments of mega projects. Ghana is the richest country in Africa, it obtained it independent after a few years later they had no foreign reserve. And which turned out to be a big waste. Africa has cheap labor available which has encourage inefficient agriculture and industrial practice that left the impoverished. The Republic of Nigeria populationRead MoreThe Film Philadelphia, By Andrew Beckett833 Words   |  4 Pagesboss, stated that, â€Å"Andy brought AIDS into our offices, into our bathroom, and to our annual goddamn family picnic† (Nyswaner 54 ). This was a direct act of discrimination in the workplace. The article, The Social Impact of HIV/AIDS on clients attending a teaching hospital in Southern Nigeria, identified that up to 111 (80.4%) of AIDS respondents who worked for others did not disclose their status to their employers. Among those whose status was known, discrimination was reported to be highest amongRead MoreThe Issues of Breast Cancer in Nigeria Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor one. There is a huge hole to be filled in the area of breast cancer awareness in Nigeria. An article posted in the ‘The Daily Trust’ titled, â€Å"Breast Cancer amongst us† claims â€Å"Nigeria is one of the many places in the world where breast cancer and other li fe-threatening diseases are discussed in whispers, if at all discussed† (Ade, 1). According to Chukwuma Chiedozie, in his book â€Å"Cancer†, breast cancer in Nigeria can be dated back to 1974 (653). He also states it was diagnosed in 217 Nigerian womenRead MoreThe Emergence Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus1971 Words   |  8 Pages INTRODUCTION The emergence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the past three decades has presented the most severe challenge to governments, the health workforce and society at large. According to Park (2007), HIV/AIDS is regarded as the major health crisis of the twenty first century and one of the most dreadful epidemics in human history. The severity of the epidemic has led to implementation of various interventions in different parts of the world especially in the most affectedRead MoreEpidemiology And Control Of Hiv / Aids1849 Words   |  8 PagesEpidemiology and Control of HIV/AID in Nigeria Ifedolapo Aderibigbe Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) remains a major problem affecting all strata of life both in Nigeria and in other parts of the world. Nigeria which harbors a greater number of people living with HIV than some other country on the planet, next to South Africa and India. HIV/AIDS is the third driving reason for death in Nigeria. According to the World Health OrganizationRead MoreDisease Disorder Case Study1346 Words   |  6 PagesVirus Subtype Associated Factors It has been found that the mutation patterns may differ across different subtypes; for example the subtype D can develop more readily HIV DR than other subtypes when it is exposed to single dose of nevirapine (Hauser et al., 2011). A recent study conducted has revealed that HIV DR was more common in subtype D than in subtype C among patients failing first-line regimen (Kyeyune et al., 2013). This treatment failure was found to be associated with nucleoside reverse

Should Cosmetic Surgery Be Addictive - 1448 Words

Silvia Arredondo Mrs. Kehrmeyer Cont Comp 14 April 2016 Plastic Surgery Can be Addictive if Done to Exces People today hesitate to go to the doctor for health reasons or due to cost, or to find out they have a disease, but they will not think twice about going to a doctor to get a flaw fixed. How much cosmetic surgery is too much? Is the rate of cosmetic surgery rising? Should cosmetic surgery be promoted? Plastic cosmetic surgery can be a last resort to fix a feature that is lacking when it is the first time someone is about to get a procedure done, but it can also turn into an addiction and become an easy way out to touch up a flaw. for someone that has gone through the cosmetic procedures. The temptation is there since plastic surgery is all over the media now. The majority of celebrities and people that are looked up to are filled with them so somehow someone that is wanting to get them can see this as an acceptance to get anything fixed since it is common to do so. According to treatmeantaddiction.com, cosmetic surgery addiction is not only caused by low esteem but it can also be caused by a condition called body dysmorphic disorder. They get so stuck into the idea that there is something wrong with a feature when there is not. For example an individual can find a flaw in their appearance try to perfect it and once it is fixed they will choose another part of their body that looks off to them and get a procedure done on that it is a neverShow MoreRelatedShould Cosmetic Surgery Be Banned?956 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome prevalent among our society today is cosmetic and plastic surgery. Cosmetic surgery is surgery that corrects or modifies the appearance of a feature, or defect on the human body. Although plastic surgery can sometimes be used for treatment of injury or other health related issues. Surgery to improve appearance is widespread among our culture. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgery, there were 15.6 million cosmetic and plastic surgeries procedures done in 2014, bringing in as muchRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Insight Into The Enslavement1277 Words   |  6 PagesJohanna Bonds Bonds 1 Ms. Homewood Sherlock 11 April 2016 Cosmetic Surgery: Insight into the Enslavement to Looking Perfect In the medical field, cosmetics is the process in which patients undergo surgical and nonsurgical procedures to alter their appearance. Unlike plastic surgeons who are dedicated to helping burn victims and birth disorders etc. Cosmetic surgery is enhancing the appearance of a person. Nonsurgical procedures include; botox, laser hair removal, and surgical proceduresRead MoreWhat Are Plastic Surgery?1676 Words   |  7 PagesWhen you hear the term â€Å"Plastic Surgery†, what comes to mind? For me, I think of a Barbie doll. An unrealistic image of the body, but still known to be the perfect doll. I think of the horror stories of botched surgeries. I think of insecurities and people attempting to correct their bodies. I also think of a different nose, Botox, injections, incisions, and scars. However, there are two different types of plastic surgery. There is cosmetic surgery, which is the term that people mostly associateRead MorePlastic Surgery Is All Over The Media1453 Words   |  6 PagesThese days, plastic surgery is all over the media. Top stars and celebrities have touted it as the means of achieving physical perfection. Due to this influence, it has become accepted and indeed prevalent in the society today. Its rapid commonplace has been facilitated by the coming of non-invasive procedures such as Botox. In 2007 alone, the American Society of Aesthetic Surgery reported that approximately 13.3 billion dollars were spent on plastic surgery, which was a 17% increase over the previousRead MorePlastic Surgery Debate992 Words   |  4 PagesGroup 1 Plastic Surgery I. Introduction Plastic Surgery, or Cosmetic Surgery, is surgery that is unnecessary from a medical perspective, but is carried out to improve appearance. Cosmetic surgery is initiated by an individual who wants to change the physical appearance of a feature. Although in many cases their physical appearance is normal, they may wish to change the size of their breasts or the shape of their nose. An individual may also use cosmetic surgery to change disfigured body partsRead MoreCosmetic Surgery Should Be Banned938 Words   |  4 Pagesfacial and body characteristics. Cosmetic surgery is an easy way to achieve those looks. People are willing to take the risk under the knife to reach society s level of beauty. Tummy tucks, liposuction, breast augmentation, and nose jobs are the most popular surgical procedures. Some people may think non-reconstructive surgery, surgery that is performed even though there are no abnormalities, trauma, infection, tumors or disease, is not an issue. Cosmetic surgery raise s a risk of addiction that leadsRead MoreCosmetic Surgery: A Quick Fix? Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pages What was once a surgery performed primarily to restore, is now used to enhance a person’s face and body. Cosmetic surgery, which is said to have been â€Å"used more than 4,000 years ago to treat facial injuries† (Fresh Faces) is now considered a common activity among any kind of person. This surgery first gained popularity in the 1910’s after World War I, among soldiers with shattered war faces in need of repair. Later, it became a popular trend among women, who were mostly from high-classRead MoreThe Effects of Cosmetic Surgery1593 Words   |  7 Pagesplanning to have a cosmetic procedure? There are many things that a person considering having a procedure should know. Cosmetic surgery has been practiced for many years however, it is dangerous and many people face addiction. Before having a cosmetic procedure it is important to know all the fac ts. Cosmetic surgery being so popular, many people are not aware that there are two types of plastic surgery: Cosmetic plastic surgery and Reconstructive plastic surgery. Cosmetic surgery is the improvementRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : The Risk Of Enhancing Beauty1328 Words   |  6 Pages Cosmetic surgery : The Risk of Enhancing Beauty Cosmetic Surgery has become popular over the years due to the advertisement of celebrities who embrace their surgery to refine their beauty. For example, an article by Anthony Elliot, he labels cosmetic surgery as Drastic plastic: The rise of cosmetic surgical culture; Celebrity obsession: Fame, fortune and faking it; Want-now consumerism: Immediate transformation, instant obsolescence; and Making the cut: Cosmetic surgical cultureRead MoreEssay on The Risks of Cosmetic Surgery1466 Words   |  6 Pagesyou aware of the risks and disadvantages of cosmetic surgery? Cosmetic surgery can be very risky and dangerous if you are not aware of the outcomes. If you are thinking of going through a procedures you need to do a lot of research of what the pros and cons of the procedure you are about to undergo. Cosmetic surgeries are done all over the world and the pricing varies depending on the surgeons, and it can be very expensive. The outcome of the surgery won’t always come to what you wanted but still

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Introduction Example For Students

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Introduction Tennessee Williams was once quoted as saying Symbols are nothing but the natural speech of dramathe purest language of plays (Adler 30). This is clearly evident in A Streetcar Named Desire, one of Williamss many plays. I n analyzing the main character of the story, Blanche DuBois, it is crucial to use both the literal text as well as the symbols of the story to get a complete and thorough understanding of her. Before one can understand Blanches character one must understand the reason why she moves to New Orleans and joins her sister, Stella, and brother-in-law, Stanley. By analyzing the symbolism in the first scene, one can understand what prompted Blanche to move. Her appearance in the first scene suggests a moth (Williams 96). In literature a moth represents the soul. So it is possible to see her entire voyage as the journey of her soul (Quirino 63). Later in the same scene she describes her voyage: They told me to take a streetcar named Desire, and then transfer to one called Cemeteries and ride six blocks and get off at Elysian Fields (Quirino 63). Taken literally this does not seam to add much to the story. However, if one investigate Blanches past one can truly understand what this quotation symbolizes. Blanche left her home to join her sister, because her life was a miserable wreck in her former place of residence. She admits, at one point in the story, that after the death of Alla n (her husband) intimacies with strangers was all I seemed able to fill my empty heart with (Williams, 178). She had sexual relations with anyone who would agree to it. This is the first step in her voyage-Desire. She said that she was forced into this situation because death was immanent and The opposite (of death) is desire (Williams, 179). She escaped death in her use of desire. However, she could not escape death for long. She was a teacher at a high school, and at one point she had intimacies with a seventeen year old student. The superintendent, Mr. Graves, found out about this and she was fired from her job. Her image was totally destroyed and she could no longer stay there. Mr. Graves sent her on her next stop of the symbolic journey-Cemeteries. Her final destination was Elysian Fields. The inhabitants of this place are described in Book six of the Aenied:They are the souls, answered his father Anchises,Whose destiny it is a second timeTo live in the flesh and there by the waters of LetheThey drink the draught that sets them free from careAnd blots out their memory.(Quirino 61) This is the place of the living dead. Blanche came to Elysian Fields to forget her horrible past, and to have a fresh start in life(Quirino, 63). In fact Blanche admits in the fourth scene that she wants to make myself a new life (Williams 135). By understanding the circumstances that brought Blanche to Elysian fields it is easy to understand the motives behind many ofBlanches actions. One such action is that during the play Blanche is constantly bathing. This represents her need to purify herself from her past (Corrigan 53). However, it is important to note that Blanches description of her traveling came before she actually settles into Elysian Fields. The description therefore represents the new life Blanche hoped to find, not what she actually did find. From the begging we see that Blanche does not fit in with the people of her new community, nor her physical surroundings in her new home. We can see that she did not fit in with the people of the community by comparing the manner in which women in the story handle their social life with men. In the third scene, Stella, who is pregnant at the time, is beaten by her husband Stanley. She immediately runs upstairs to her friends apartment, upstairs. But, soon Stanley runs outside and screams Stell-lahhhhh (Williams 133). She proceeds to come down, and they then spend the night together. The next morning Stella and Blanche discuss the horrible incident. Blanche asks How could you come back in this place last night? (Williams 134). Stella answers Youre making much too much fuss about this and later says that this is something that people do sometimes(Williams 134). One sees that this is actually a common occurrence by the fact that the same exact thing happens to the neighbors a few scenes later. Later in the story Mitch, Blanches boyfriend, yells at her and tries raping her, but she does not let him. Afterwards, she tells Stanley that she would never forgive him because deliberate cruelty is unforgivable (Williams 184). Blanche also does not fit into her surroundings. Tennessee Williams describes the place as having a raffish charm (Corrigan 50). But, this eludes Blanches. She describes it as a place that Only Poe! Only Mr. Edgar Allen Poe!-could do it justice! (Corrigan 50). THE METAMORPHOSIS EssayThroughout the book it is possible to describe the confrontation between Blanche and Stanley as a poker game. The importance of the poker game in the play is proven by the fact that Tennessee Williams was thinking of calling the play The Poker Night. In the first four scenes of the play, Blanche plays a good bluff. She tricks everyone into believing that she is a woman of country-girl manners and high moral integrity (Quirino 62). Stanley asks her to lay her cards on the table, but she continues her bluff (Adler 54). However, Stanley then goes on a quest for the truth. He then discovers and reveals Blanches true past. Once he knows her true cards he then has the upper hand. Stanley caps his win by raping her. It is interesting tonote that in the last scene of the play, when Blanche is being taken away, Stanley is winning every hand in a poker game he is playing with friends. This symbolizes his victory over Blanche. The card game can be viewed as fate, in whi ch skillful players can manipulate his cards to his advantage (Quirino 62). The music in the background, plays a key part in the play, in describing Blanches emotions. In fact at one point it says ofBlanche that The music is in her mind (Corrigan 52). The Blue Piano represents Blanches need to find a home. She is always extremely lonely and needs companionship. This music is apparent during scene one when she is recounting the deaths of her family at Belle Reeve, and when she kisses the newsboy in scene five. The music is the loudest during the scene when Blanche is being taken away to the asylum. The Varsouviana Polka represents death, and to Blanche immanent disaster. This music is heard as she explains the suicide of her husband in scene six. It is also in the background when Stanley gives her a Greyhound ticket to go home (i.e. back to cemeteries) in scene eight. It also fades in and out of the scene where Mitch confronts Blanche about her true past (Corrigan 52). In studying the main character of A Streetcar Named Desire, Blanche DuBois, it is necessary to use both a literal translation ofthe text as well as interspersed symbolism to have a complete understanding of her. Tennessee Williams the author of the play wrote it this way on purpose. In fact he once said that Art is made out of symbols the way the body is made out of vital tissue (Quirino 61). This is a wonderful quotation to show just how necessary it is to incorporate symbolism in an interpretation of a story.

Learn the Different Types of Sentences With Their Examples

What makes a great sentence? A simple answer is, it depends. Making sentences may seem an easy task but, don't be fooled it is trickier than you know. Follow us below to know about the different kinds of sentences and how to use them correctly in your content. Quick Links 1. What is a Sentence 2. What are the Different Types of Sentences? 2.1 Declarative Sentence 2.2 Interrogative Sentence 2.3 Exclamatory Sentence 2.4 Imperative Sentence 1. What is a Sentence? A sentence is a complete set of words that are functional and make logical and complete sense. It has a combination of different words that contains a topic and it presents some information about it. It uses different grammatical elements like nouns, verbs, adjectives etc. to form its structure and use them in a proper sequence and sense. A good and strong sentence is simple and clear. It informs the readers about a particular subject and uses simple tone and words. Simple sentences are easy to read and understand and this is why it is the main element of a good sentence. 2. What are the Different Types of Sentences? Writing is a part of our daily lives and we have been doing it since our childhood. Do you know that a sentence also has different types? It may come as a surprise for many of us but it is true. A sentence has different types and all of them are used for different reasons and intentions. Knowing about different types of sentences helps in writing excellent analytical and descriptive essays. These essays are extremely visual and illustrative and this is what actually makes them so appealing and interesting. Following are the different kinds of sentences: 2.1. Declarative Sentence This is the most basic kind of sentence. It is used to make a statement and present basic information. It could be a simple one line sentence or a long form complex one having connectors. It is usually in active voice and is the most commonly used type of the sentence. Examples: My daughter is s volleyball champion. Students do not work hard and this is why they often fail. Italian food is usually based on spaghetti and meatballs. The United States has fifty states. I love to have desserts in breakfast. These types of sentences are used in hook sentences. A hook sentence excites the readers and encourages them to move forward with the blog. The effect is explained through hook examples in a better way as it will help you know how to use such statements in your papers and assignments. 2.2. Interrogative Sentence Interrogative sentence asks a question and end on a question mark. They represent that a person is asking a question. They can be simple and have what, how, when and where in them and they can also be complex like the rhetorical type of questions. But, generally, simple form is used. Examples: What is your name? Do you know that Niagara Falls is in canada? Did you do your tasks for the day? Can you tell me the address to the Taksim Square? Do you know that excessive carbohydrates is one of the main reasons of heart attack? 2.3. Exclamatory Sentence These essays are used to express your emotions. Ever felt like shouting? This is the kind of sentence that you want to use this express this strong emotion.. Examples: What a huge dog you have! Such an overwhelming experience! What a great movie! He is going to hit his head! The sun is so bright today! 2.4. Imperative Sentence An imperative sentence either has a command or a request. An interesting thing about this type of sentence is that it could end both with a full stop and an exclamation point. Examples: Shut the door now! Please do not make noise. Stop shouting! Please have a seat. Dont try to be rude to me. Not sure if you could use the types of sentences properly? Dont worry and contact 5StarEssays to get high quality and convenient help. We are a professional writing assistance company that helps students in getting their essays and papers on time and save time and money.Place your order now and avail a number of other benefits.

How to Close a Letter in American English

How to Close a Letter in American English How many times have you spent considerable thought and effort writing a letter, only to reach the closing and then wonder how you should end it? And does it really matter whether you choose sincerely or best or thanks to close out your message?While much of letter closing choices are based on personal style and attitude, there are slight differences in how different letter endings come across to the recipient of your writing. For this post, well discuss several common letter closings, more formally known as a valediction from the Latin vale dicere, which means to say farewell. We will also discuss the situations for which each are best used, the connotations each might bring, and how to choose which one fits your overall intent or is complimentary with the letter youve written.Sources weve usedKeep in mind that as with much of the advice youll read online, ours might differ from that of another source. However, since it is important in business or formal communication to follow best practices set by respected organizations, we have used two American authorities- Barrons Educational Series and American Management Association- as our primary sources.Closings for formal and business correspondenceYours truly,According to Barrons, this is a formal closing and AMACOM states that this should be used when there is no personal connection between writer and recipient. Another version of this youll see often is Very truly yours, which again denotes a lack of personal connection between the writer and recipient of the letter. Despite the seemingly intimate associations with this phrase, it is very commonly used in business communication as a formal closing, whether you know the recipient intimately or not.Respectfully yours,Barrons also lists this as a formal closing and AMACOM suggests that it should be used when the letter is sent to someone either with acknowledged authority or when great formality should be used. Again, as with Yours truly, this is a commonly used clo sing that connotes formality and can be used with formal business communication that is written to associates- whether they are typically on your contact list, or not.Sincerely (yours),Often shortened to just Sincerely, Barrons suggests that this is a less formal closing while AMACOM states that it should be used when there is both a personal and business relationship between the writer and recipient. In general, this is a commonly used closing in American business correspondence that covers both well-known associates and those who are not well known. It is also a great choice for letters such as cover letters for a job posting, introductory letters for academic admission, or complaint letters in which the sender wishes to close with a conciliatory yet polite tone.Cordially (yours),Often shortened to just Cordially, Barrons lists this as another less formal closing while AMACOM takes issue with Cordially yours, stating that it is often used but incorrect.So, in essence, consider thi s a great choice for closing business communication as long as the yours is not added. It works for both well-known acquaintances (in business) as well as recipients who are not regularly on your contact list. It is considered to be proper in both situations.Regards, Personal regards, Kindest regards,AMACOM doesnt list either of these choices in its preferred business letter closings, but Barrons lists them as potential personal closings. What this means is that if you plan to use them as business communication closings, or closings of letters written as cover letters or letters to admissions committees, they are acceptable yet slightly less formal than Sincerely or any of the versions of Sincerely (such as Sincerely yours,).This closing is an example of using your own attitude and personality to determine which closing to use in a letter.Best, Best regards,While not as formal as closings like sincerely, best is a polite, semi-formal letter ending that could work in both a business context and when writing to acquaintances or friends. It is a polite way to let your letters recipient know that you wish the best for them. Best regards makes the closing a bit more formal if you feel that Best is not quite formal enough for the situation.Thanks,While not overly formal or overly informal, Thanks is a closing that works well for business letters across the board- whether you are writing to someone not on your contact list, or to an acquaintance or peer within your organization. However, compared to how the other closings weve listed sound to the recipient, Thanks can fall a little flat or seem abrupt. To avoid this, choose Best regards or Sincerely.You should also hesitate to use Thanks if youve made a request in your letter, and rather choose Thanks for your time, since the former assumes that the request will be granted, and the task will be accepted. Again, as with all the letter closings we have mentioned in this article, choose the best considering the type of relationship you have with the recipient and how formal or informal you want the letter to be.Informal closingsYour friend,Obviously, this is not the best closing to choose for a formal business letter or cover letter. Your friend, should be reserved for letters written to friends, as the closing implies. Putting this closing at the end of a letter to someone who is not your close friend will seem overly informal and assumptive.Cheers,While Cheers, or Cheers! might be a light-hearted and casual way to end a letter in British English, for American English, make sure that you only use it for close friends or business associates that you know on a deeply personal basis. The primary reason for this is it is an expression used in relation to alcohol, or imbibing alcoholic drinks, so it can be interpreted as too informal by many American business associates unless you know them on an informal basis.With love,As with Your friend, ensure that any time you use this closing, you are only doin g so in a letter that is written to someone with whom you have an intimate and familiar relationship. Using this closing in a business letter or letter written to anyone else will be off-putting and potentially offensive to your reader. Therefore, ensure that you reserve this closing for only the most intimate recipient to avoid any confusion or misinterpretation.

Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review The WritePass Journal

Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review Abstract Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review ). This principle is also set out in the Family Law Reform Act 1995. The Family Law Act 1975 was amended to include the legal principle that the childs best interest be regarded as paramount in any litigation concerning child upbringing (Family Law Council 2004). This principle would be at the heart of the assessment process. That is, the welfare of the child would be given paramount consideration and a checklist of factors would be considered before reaching a decision on whether or not to place the child under protection programs. Fig.1 Genogram illustrating the strength of family relationships (DH 2008) A genogram can be used to illustrate the strength of the family relationships. That is, how close or far apart the family members are, how flexible they are and how well they respond to each others needs. Fig.3 Ecomap showing the relationship between the child with immediate family, wider kin and the community An ecomap can also be drawn to illustrate the relationship of the child with immediate family, the wider kin and the community at large. The centre of focus will be the child as shown in fig.2 To indicate the strength of the relationship, I would used different types of lines as shown below: Assessments relating to Adults in the family But conducting assessments from the viewpoint of the child is important for safeguarding and ensuring developmental needs of the child, it would only be fair and ethical for assessments to be conducted with due regard for the needs of all family members. Assessments relating to the adults in the family should have been done as well in Bromley Special Case Review. It should be noted that neglectful families do not just exist in a vacuum. A number of factors can contribute to parents maltreatment of their children including factors such as lack of community support, society characteristics, deprived neighbourhoods, family stress, domestic violence, parents childhood and developmental history and many other factors (DePanfilis 2006). Parents views with regard to issues of child protection concerns have been well documented. In their study of short-term accommodation, Aldgate Bradley (1999) found that parents were reluctant to seek for support from social services due to fears of: Losing their children to child protection enquiries Being perceived failed parents (DOH 2000) Whilst parents may be in need of help and support from social services, the fear of losing their children to child protection agencies and being seen as failed parents deter them from seeking the much needed support. They want help but not at the cost of forfeiting their parental responsibilities (DOH 2000) It is also important to understand the role played by the wider family in providing support. Sometimes, extended families may not provide the much needed support or may be caught up in their own problems (Trevithick 2000). Additionally, parents may not wish to acknowledge to their wider kin about the problems facing them. It is difficult for people seeking help to state their needs especially when these needs are tangled amid feelings of confusion, humiliation, fear and despair (Trevithick 2000). Similarly, it would be necessary to assess the role played by the community in providing practical and emotional support to the family. Social workers must chart both the relationship of parents with the wider kin and their current wider connections to their communities. The absence of physical and emotional support limits the adults sense of wellbeing and control (DH 2008). There is also need to consider the impact that environment may have on parental capacity. This is a factor which has been given little consideration in social work. The concerns over the omission of environmental considerations in sociological research have been noted by Jack (1997) and Stevenson (1998). However, research studies have shown that children living in economically deprived neighbourhoods are the most affected, often with deterioration in their health and poor educational development (DH 2008). Environmental considerations have an impact on both the children and the young adults’ ability to succeed as effective parents. Social isolation from the community combined with lack of support from extended families and deprived neighbourhoods can adversely impact on parents mental and physical health. As a social worker in Bromley case, I would have also conducted an assessment relating to the adults in the family. The assessment would focus on the needs of the family and how these needs impact on their parenting behaviour. A key distinguishing factor between this assessment with that of the child is that it looks at the relationships between the adults in the family, the extended family and wider community, and examines how this impacts on their parenting capacity (Parker Bradley 2000). Also, the focus of assessment is mainly on the adult. The assessment examines the needs of the adult and whether these needs have been met. The legal basis that guides this assessment comprise of a range of legislations such as The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996, NHS, Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 and subsequent statutory guidance (Parker Bradley 2000). On the other hand, the legal basis guiding the assessment relating to children is The Children Act 1989 and Subsequent Statutory guidance. How I would conduct assessments with due regards to needs of all family members To ensure that all the family members are involved, it would be necessary to use a structured interview protocol. This would ensure thorough gathering of information, accuracy of information gathered, and an increase in staff control over the assessment process. Most importantly, the involvement of all family members would ensure that the assessment is done with due regards for the needs of all the family members. As such, face to face interviews would be conducted in the following order: First, with the child Second, with siblings interviews with adult caretakers Interviews with the parent who is alleged to have maltreated the child And finally, with the family as a whole Interviewing the identified child The interview with the child will seek to gather information about the child maltreatment and assess the childs immediate safety needs. Information collected at this point include: the childs explanation, the childs current conditions, severity of the maltreatment, effects such as fear and extreme withdrawal, the childs characteristics, and the child’s perception of their relationship with parents and others in the household (NDHHS 2005). Interview with siblings After interviewing the child, I would then conduct an interview with the siblings and other children in the household. The purpose is to determine whether these children have also experienced maltreatment and to assess their level of vulnerability. Interviewing the caretakers This will be followed by an interview with the custodians or rather the caretakers. At this stage, I would seek the caretakers personal opinion about the childs vulnerability to maltreatment and determine the parents capacity to protect the child. Information gathered from the interview include: the approach to and view of parenting, relationship with the children, methods used to discipline the children, relationships with extended family, view of supports from the wider community and the climate of the neighbourhood (Holland 2004). Interview with the alleged maltreating parent This is yet another crucial point of the assessment process. The abusive parent will be interviewed to check and get a confirmation from them whether allegations of maltreatment did actually occur. Information gathered from the interview with the parent would include: the parents view of the child, his/her explanations about the alleged maltreatment, the parents response to the incident, the approach to parenting, relationship with the children, and relationship with the wider kin and the community (NDHHS 2005).   Close interviews with family Having completed the interviews, I would convene the family and share with them a summary of my findings, seek their individual responses, show appreciation of their participation, and discuss key concerns raised about the child maltreatment. With the interviews with the participants completed, I would then analyze the information collected for purposes of making informed decisions. Analysis of information gathered relating to the adults I would examine whether the family has been benefiting from ‘direct payments’ as provided for under The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996. This act bestows power to the local authority to make direct cash payments to individuals who are in need of care as opposed to providing those persons community care services (Glasby Littlechild 2009). It is expected that these individuals use the money to secure themselves the services that they need. The service is provided by the government as a means of self-directed support to increase autonomy and independence of people (Duffy 2007). Specific issues that I would considered in the review   Has the family been receiving direct payments from the government as provided for under The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996? Is there a clear evidence of significant harm to the child? Given that the father suffered from epilepsy, did the medical condition hinder his parenting ability and did he receive support from the extended family? Did the agencies involved identify the needs of the family and did they seek to address these needs by providing them with the much needed support? What is the relationship between the parents and the community? And how has isolation and lack of community support adversely affected their parenting capacity? How has the neighbourhood impacted on the parents mental and physical health? Were the wishes and feelings of the adults in the family considered and adequately addressed? Were appropriate care plans to support parenting capacity put in place by the agencies involved? What could have been the outcome if these parents had received support from the extended families and community at large? Do assessments appear to have been reached in an informed and professional way having had due regards for the needs of all family members? A focus of the assessment on the adults in the family does not imply that the problem of child maltreatment has been forgotten. This family focused approach is to ensure the best outcome for both the child and adults in the family. The principles of family focused practice affirm the primary importance of ensuring the child’s well-being and recognizing the mutual significance of the child and the family (Kendall et al. 2010). I would then think of interventions that will serve the interests of both the children and adults in the family. A range factors can be used to select the appropriate intervention. Among these factors is the appropriate application of social work methods developed from psychosocial theories (DH 2008). These methods include family therapy, cognitive behavioural work, crisis intervention, psychosocial casework, task-centred casework and counseling among many others (DH 2008).   The choice of the method would be influenced by the knowledge of what works under particular circumstances. Fig.1 developmental and ecological perspective of child maltreatment (DH 2008) Another important dimension that I would consider in the assessment is the decision whether to place the child in protection program or to have the child looked after at home. Should the decision be made for the child to be placed in protective custody, I would consider factors surrounding placement including plans for adoption or reunification (DOH 2000). Conclusion Whilst concerns about a childs health and development remains a core professional activity of social care agencies, these agencies have not always acted in the best interest of the child. A prime example of this can be seen with the Serious Case Review in Bromley which revealed a significant neglect of two boys despite the involvement of various agencies. The review found that agencies had overlooked the possibility that the boys might suffer physical harm. Based on the assessment, it was recommended that processes of assessment and reviews be always informed by attempts to understand the situation from the viewpoint of the child. But as we have seen, assessments should be conducted with due regard to the needs of all family members. Assessments should be conducted in relation to the children in the family and adults as well. An evidence based approach that involves identifying, gathering and using the evidence to support and evaluate the given approaches to assessment should be taken. Interventions that serve the interests of both the parents and the children should be implemented. Interventions can take the form of therapy, cognitive behavioural work, crisis intervention, psychosocial casework, task-centred casework and counseling among many others.   The choice of intervention is influenced by the knowledge of what works under particular circumstances. Reference Aldgate, J. and Bradley, M., 1999. Supporting Families through Short Term Fostering. The Stationery Office, London. Bromley Safeguarding Adults Board (BSAB), 2011. Bromley Serious Case Review Protocol. Bromley Safeguarding Adults Board. BSAB, 2011. Child D and Child B:   A Serious Case Review. Bromley Safeguarding Adults Board Department of Health (DH), 2000. Assessing Children in Need and their Families: Practice Guidance. TSO Department of Health (DH), 2007, Putting People First. TSO Department of Health (DH), 2008. Carers at the heart of 21st century families and communities: a caring system on your side, a life of your own.   Department of Health. DePanfilis, D., 2006. Child neglect: a guide for prevention, assessment and intervention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Duffy, S., 2007. ‘Care Management and Self Directed Support’. Journal of Integrated Care Volume 15 (5) Family Law Council, 2004. The Child Paramountcy Principle in the Family Law Act. Discussion paper Glasby, J. and Littlechild, R., 2009. Direct Payments and Personal Budgets: Putting Personalisation Into Practice. Bristol: Policy Press Holland, S., 2004. Children and Family Assessment in Social Work Practice. Sage publications Iowa Foster and Adoptive Parents Association (Ifapa), 2010. The child abuse assessment: a guide for foster parents. Iowa Foster and Adoptive Parents Association. Jack, G., 1997. ‘An Ecological Approach to Social Work with Children and Families’. Child and Family Social Work. 2: 109–120. Kendall, S., Rodger, J. and Palmer, H., 2010. The use of whole family assessment to identify the needs of families with multiple problems. Department for Education Laming, H., 2003. The Victoria Climbie Inquiry Report.. London. TSO Millner,J. and Byrne, 2010. Assessment in Social Work. 3rd edition. Palgrave Nebraska Department of Health and Human services (NDHHS), 2005. Initial assessment guide book, Nebraska Department of Health and Human services NSPCC, 2012. An introduction to child protection legislation in the UK. NSPCC Parker,J. and Bradley, G., 2000. Social Work Practice- Assessment, Planning, Intervention and Review. Learning Matters Sharkey, P., 2006. The essentials of community care: a guide for practitioners. London: Palgrave Smale, G. and Tuson, G., 1993. Assessment, Care Management the Skilled Worker. Macmillan Stevenson, O., 1998. Neglected Children: Issues and Dilemmas. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Trevithick, P., 2000. Social Work Skills: A Practice Handbook. OPU White, A., 2005. Assessment of parenting capacity. Centre for Parenting Research

Development of Postoperative Infection in Women between the age of 30 Research Paper

Development of Postoperative Infection in Women between the age of 30 to 50 - Research Paper Example Due to some violation of safety precautions before, during, and after surgery, these or other freshly colonized bacteria in the hospital environment may enter the wound and cause infection, where bacteria now easily penetrate the wounded skin. As mentioned earlier, injury and inflammation caused by surgical manipulation may also help the nosocomial bacteria enter into the wound after being transmitted from somewhere else from within the hospital environment. In effect such infections in the surgical wound would slow down the approximation of the wound edges, delay wound healing, lead to morbidity, and cause increased economic burden, increased hospital stay, and increased incidence of other infections. Usually the patients present with increased pain in the surgical wound as a result of inflammatory process early in the infection, redness at the wound margins that spreads unless treated, drainage from the wound margin, fever due to infection, and ultimately breakage of the wound (Pry or et al., 2004). Such cases are often encountered in clinical surgical nursing practice, and the nursing assessment usually yields the following diagnoses, risk for infection, impaired skin integrity, impaired tissue integrity, and delayed surgical recovery. Thus this is a recognised surgical nursing care problem the evidence-based knowledge about which would be helpful in clinical practice nursing. While the problem is evident and common one, in this author's clinical practice as a surgical nurse in the Jacobi Medical Center, despite an uniform age distribution in the surgical cases, it is a common finding that female patients develop postoperative infections more frequently, and as a result they on an average have a longer postoperative stay, and in some cases, following discharge from the hospital, they return to the hospital with wound discharge, breakdown, or infections. This leads to a focus question, why these female patients have an increased preponderance of wound infection. To find out the answers, this author has chosen the age group of 30 to 50-year-old female surgical patients, so the answers to this question in the context of these patients are found out from the literature. The findings may prove to serve as evidence base where change in practice in such cases may be mandated. Focus Question Why so many women between the ages of 30 to 50 develop postoperative infection Literature Review To this end, a literature search was conducted with key words postoperative infection, females, women, nursing care, surgical nursing, wound infection, and wound care. Out of the available literature which included studies, research articles, and reviews, including both quantitative and qualitative literature, six recent articles were selected for critical review in order to point out the evidence available. It is to be mentioned that although the assignment requirement only mentions nursing literature, it would not be prudent to include only nursing literature since the cause of surgical site infection may also lie in the operating room management and handling of the skin, the magnitude of the operative procedure, the technical dexterity of the surgical team, and safety protocol

The view that powerful elites generate fear does not adequately Essay

The view that powerful elites generate fear does not adequately explain the complexities within the news reporting of AIDS in Britain. Discuss - Essay Example African countries are affected by real epidemic, and the epicenter of the world most dangerous disease is located in Sahara Desert region where a half of population of the world is living at the moment. This information does not seem shocking for anyone in the world anymore because AIDS was covered in media substantially and effectively since the time of its discovery. It is well-known that a frightening and repulsive image of AIDS was created with the help of accurate metaphors and definitions (Cullen, 2003). Nevertheless, the question if the image of AIDS was constructed adequately to the severity of the epidemic or media has spread certain panic among readers remains actual and urgent, and Britain represents a particular interest for this study because real epidemic has never reached the island. The UK as well as many other countries of the world faces the complexities within the news reporting of AIDS, and the fact that powerful elites generate fear does not adequately explain th em. In order to examine this question newsroom practices in Britain on reporting were studies closely. First of all it is necessary to outline the history of the disease, its symptoms and consequences to understand how media should cover AIDS/HIV to create normal feedback from its auditory. UNESCO states that media as well as medical institutions and common people have to aim to reduce the quantity of people contracting HIV and relieve moral and physical pressure of those who are fighting with the disease. This is an established ethical principle when dealing with HIV and AIDS (Foreman, 2003). The first reporting of AIDS by media goes back to 1982 when several alarming articles were published in different American medical journals telling about this unknown mysterious disease. Much concern was expressed about it already due to high mortality of young healthy individuals and it was defined as threating and dangerous for public. But nobody could even imagine the degree of panic the

Landscape alteration Essay Example for Free

Landscape alteration Essay

Aggressive Driving Can Lead To Road Rage Essay -- essays research pape

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It starts with just a moment of tailgating, or maybe the guy in front of you cut you off or wouldn’t let you into the fast lane. In some cases it appears that incidents of road rage are caused by simple misunderstandings between drivers. A driver may make a momentary error of judgment but the perception of another driver is that he or she is driving aggressively. Then suddenly it turns into World War III on the highway. It matters little what causes it; a bad day at the office, a love affair going bad, credit cards maxed to the credit limit. All it takes is a sudden movement of someone else’s wheels, and within seconds a normally mild mannered motorist is consumed with a red-eyed, mouth-foaming surge of anger that grabs more of us every day. Road Rage, something that has always simmered on the back burner of motoring America, is now going off like fireworks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Motorists who have snapped and committed incredible violence are mostly men and women with no known histories of crime, violence, or alcohol and drug abuse. They are the people typically described by neighbors â€Å"the nicest woman or man† or â€Å"a wonderful mother or father.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Father, mother, son, daughter, they all have their own ways of getting mad. Some slam on the brakes, jump out of their cars, open the trunks and grab anything that they get their hands on. Others use baseball bats, knives, mace, pepper spray, fists, or some simply pull out a pistol and start firing away. Why are these drivers turning their anger and frustrations into road rage and what solutions can we propose to stop this road rage?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some say that one of the main causes of aggressive driving which usually leads to road rage is highway congestion. The road construction on the major interstates adds to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   lane closures and distractions to motorists. A motorist is driving the speed limit and then immediately has to slam on their brakes because another motorist sees the lane closures and decides to cut in front of them. This type of driving makes motorists mad because they know tha... ...sp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We can attack and reduce the dangers of aggressive driving. Each of us should take a look at our own driving habits and those of our friends and loved ones. The government can help with road improvements and law enforcement, but solving this problem will require people to change their behavior. Working together, we can make our roads safer and prevent deaths and injuries. Works Cited Bowles, Scott and Overberg, Paul. â€Å"Aggressive driving: A road well-traveled.† USA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TODAY 12 July 1999. USA TODAY on America Online. America Online. 27 September 2000. Ledford, Joey. â€Å"Women taking their rage to the road.† Post-Dispatch 19 Sept. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Post-Dispatch on America Online. America Online. 21 Sept. 2000. Leiser, Ken. â€Å"ROAD RAGE: COMMUTER COMBAT IN AMERICA.† Post-Dispatch   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19 June 2000. Post-Dispatch on America Online. America Online. 19 September 2000.

Moderating Conflict

According to Barrosse (2007, p.210) there are three main ways to deal with conflict: â€Å"Try to change the other party, try to alter the conflict conditions, [or changing] your own communication and/or perceptions.† Each of these methods is employed by the average person when faced with conflict; however they are not all equally successful when it comes to actually moderating a difference of opinion.   When it comes to taking control of uncomfortable situations, one is certainly better off avoiding the first method. Trying to change the person you are dealing with so that they see your point of view is â€Å"a natural response [and is] usually highly unsuccessful† (Barrosse, 2007, p.210). We are all inclined to be stubborn about our own situation, and even though a compromise would generally calm the other party and afford peace, we as humans are quite unwilling to let our side of the story slip past unnoticed. The fact is, unless we get over this natural tendency to advocate our own viewpoint, there is no such thing as effective conflict moderation. When people are forced to see the other side of the argument through authoritative measures, â€Å"a subterranean resentment and desire to retaliate may well emerge† (ibid). â€Å"It is no accident that Aristotle wrote about the ‘Golden Mean’ and Buddha preached about the ‘Middle Way’† (Barrosse, 2007, p.214). These great philosophers understood that without compromise, there is no moving forward; without finding a middle ground between differing parties we will all remain isolated and controlled by our own dogged opinions. When we employ the second method of conflict moderation – trying to change the conditions of the disagreement – we are attempting neither to find a middle ground nor to ‘win’ the dispute. Changing the situation is merely a way of trying to disengage from the conflict, and quickly. This can work on a superficial level, in that the situation is handled speedily, but it may backfire and leave the other party resenting you for changing the rules. This type of behaviour can be classified as avoidance, according to Barrosse, and â€Å"when you engage the other [party] in productive conversation, you will find that (1) your behaviour is being misinterpreted by the other and (2) your perception of the other is skewed† (2007, p.216). Changing the circumstances surrounding a conflict is really not a proactive form of moderation, since by engaging in clear conversation you can take control of the dispute and work towards a solution. The final resolution method – changing your own communication or perceptions – is truly the most successful tactic you can use. The fact is that â€Å"conflict parties may know that they want to engage but not know how to start† (Barrosse, 2007, p.217). Taking charge in these situations requires understanding and patience, which may be difficult for many people, but it is nevertheless necessary for successful conflict resolution. Many people struggle with restraint: this â€Å"includes the difficult task of holding back one’s desire to act on vengeful feelings† (Barrosse, 2007, p.221). In practise there is no successful way to incorporate such feelings into conflict moderation. It is important to remain focused on the issue at hand and lay out clear objectives for all parties involved. This way, no one is distracted or perhaps made more upset at the introduction of new conflict topics and extraneous information.   Remain calm, concentrate and listen to the opinions of all parties while trying to find a common solution. â€Å"Low productivity occurs when interpersonal conflicts are not identified or openly expressed to the other party† (Barrosse, 2007, p.214). Therefore it is best practise to approach conflict moderation from the perspective that teamwork prevails.   Finding a compromise is the most sound solution. Reference: Barrosse, E. (Ed). (2007). Interpersonal Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.    Moderating Conflict The current personal conflict that I am experiencing right now is regarding my parents and having a part-time job. I decided to have a part-time job so that I could somehow support myself while I’m studying, something which could give me a spare money during my free time. For me, I can manage to work and study at the same time because I’m a dedicated person when it comes to academic matters. When it comes to my examinations, I devote enough time to study so that I would get good marks. When it comes to projects and requirements, I make sure that I pass it before the deadline so that there won’t be any problems with my teachers. But the real problem is not with me, but with my parents. They are afraid that I might spend so much time with my part-time job and less time with my studies. They fear that as I go along with this part-time job, I would slowly loose interest with academic matters. They think that it could hinder me from pursuing my education, especially if I would start earning money. Both my mother and my father disagree, arguing that I would be better off if I just concentrated on my studies. I know they’re just concerned with my well-being, since they know how dedicated I am with my studies. The problem however, is that they don’t understand my reasons why I wanted the part-time job. I have many reasons why I wanted the part-time job. One would be the financial support that I could get from it. I wouldn’t have to rely to my parents for extra money when it comes to my personal expenses. It could also introduce me to an independent lifestyle, which I know would really come one way or another. Having this part-time job is not solely for the money, but also a good way to learn. It could be a very important experience for me, especially when it comes to my attitude towards work and my studies. Surely, it is important to prioritize my studies. However, it is also important to be introduced to the real world, wherein I’ll be able to learn how it is like to be handled by superiors, and develop a certain work attitude. The best way to moderate this conflict between me and my parents is through dialogue (Hamel, Doz, & Prahalad, 1989). The key for them to accept my decision regarding the part-time job is for them to understand my reasons. It is best if I would be able to explain to them my point. This could be done by looking for the right situation to talk to them, and it would be best if I could talk to them separately, so that they’ll understand without bothering about the opinion of the other. During the dialogue, I should be able to clearly explain why it is ok for me to have this part-time job (Pfeffer, 1999). The approach that I think would best be accepted by them is how important it is to my future. An experience such as this would greatly help me to have a grasp of what lies ahead after my studies. This is the point which I think would connect my parents and the part-time job. Both my parents are concerned about my future that’s why they are wary about the decisions I make and take. If they would be able to see how this part-time job could positively affect me and my future, then I am sure that they would approve of it. The key is for them to fully understand it (Pfeffer, 1999). Moderating conflict is a case-to-case basis. The resolution of the conflict is dependent on the situation being faced (Wilmot & Hocker, 2001). In this conflict which I have with my parents, the best approach is to have a dialogue with them and explain to the possible outcomes of the decisions I take. Through this, I would be able to show them that having a part-time job could help me build a future instead of clouding it. References: Hamel, G., Doz, Y. L., & Prahalad, C. K. (1989). Collaborate with your competitors – and win Harvard Business Review, Vol. 67(No.1). Pfeffer, J. S. (1999). The smart-talk trap. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 77(No.3,). Wilmot, W. W., & Hocker, J. L. (2001). Interpersonal Conflict (6th ed.). New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.      

Keri 2006 Advertising Campaign Essay

This is a 2006 advertising campaign of Keri new skin-care product, Keri Nourishing Shea Butter lotion. It is a remake and reproduction of a well-known painting â€Å"La Grande Odalisque† by French artist Jean-August-Dominique Ingres. The written message states this â€Å"experience the timeless beauty of being a woman with Keri Shea Butter. Enriched with nourishing Vitamin E, it makes skin feel truly touchable†. It seemingly means that this new product can help improve the consumer’s skin performance. But indeed, this ad contains intended meanings which include symbolic properties and commodity fetishism. First of all, this Keri’s ad produces symbolic meanings. In this ad, it is not a simply a case that the conventions and themes of an artist or a style are copied, but rather it is a carefully and close reproduction of the original painting. If we compare it to the origin, the head cover, the fan and pose of the nuked woman is almost the same. The product itself has no meaning. However this careful reproduction of particular elements obvious makes the ad as a reference to the original painting, a classic and wide international recognized work of art which is meaningful to most consumers. As a masterwork of art in the history, the painting is regarded as an important icon of an immortal and timeless signifier of classical female beauty. By creating correlation between the ad and Ingres’ painting, the image, ideas of Ingres’ panting become attached to Keri’s new product. The sexy female nude, the material object, becomes the signifier, and it signified the idea of timeless female beauty. Therefore, Keri’s new product becomes a sign of timeless female beauty. Moreover, the advertisement creates differentiation between new product and the other products in the same series (Williamson, 1978, p24). Keri’ ad introduces a new product that is enriched with nourishing Vitamin E, an important element to make skin smooth and vibrant. In fact, there are more six more products in this category. The function and content of Keri Nourishing Shea Butter make it unique and independent to other product, such as Original, Advanced and Moisture Rich Oil. In addition, the advertisement makes the product and a feeling of â€Å"experience of the timeless beauty of being a woman† equal in value. Every woman wants to be beautiful and timeless. However money cannot buy you beautiful and timeless. Thus, by generating a connection between Keri’s product and feeling, it adds a value to timeless beauty, because money can buy Keri’s product. Secondly, the Keri’s lotion product exists as a commodity in the market place. The lotion has a nature priority of making skin smooth. As Marx says the nature priority decides the use value (Marx, 1867). The use value of Keri’s product is to improve your skin quality. In Capital, Marx says the objective form of social relations is called reification (1867). As the advertising campaign says â€Å"experience the timeless beauty of being a woman with Keri Shea Butter†, the consumers will experience â€Å"timeless beauty of being a woman† if they purchase and consume the product. The human relationship of timeless beauty is expressed in a commodity form of lotion. The abstracted social relations are taken out of their actual organic context†, abstraction separates the use value and exchange value of a commodity (Goldman, 1992, p21). In this ad, the meaning of using its product is transformed into the experience of timeless beauty. In this process, the exchange value of Keri’s product now refer to the timeless beauty. It equivalents the value of the product and the value of a history work of art of beauty female by putting the product and reproduction image together into the same frame.

True Addicts

True Addicts Yesterday I made an admonishing gesture to a friend who is still smoking a pack or more of cigarettes each day. Waving my finger at him in passing, I reflected on hissurprising outrage at being called an addict by one of our mutual acquaintances. A smoker myself for twenty years before giving up cigarettes, I certainly consider cigarette smokers addicts.Only an addict would go to such extraordinary lengths to obtain the source of his addiction. If, for example, I ran out of cigarettes, I would not stop seeking them until I was successful. I recall one Christmas I ran out of them and walked from one closed neighborhood store to another in South Philadelphia for over two and a half hours before finally finding an open convenience store on Broad street. The fact that I'd missed much of my family's celebration of the holiday was secondary to my craving for nicotine.Electronic Cigarette InhalationToo many times to remember I'd dress at two or three o'clock in the morning to obtain them. F ornothing else ever have I considered making such sacrifice or concession.Only an addict would continue to present himself publicly as a social pariah. I think it is fair to say that most non-smokers view smokers with some revulsion. Since cigarette smoke is unpleasant to non-smokers and its health consequences are now understood by everyone, it is clear that anyone who smokes around others is saying, inessence, "I don't care if my smoking sickens you" or "I don't really give a damn if what I'm doing kills you." Such perceptions by non-smokers can only negatively affect the social status of smokers. It's fairly common to hear people comment negatively about smokers these days. Words like "ignorant" and "disgusting" are ones often associated with cigarette smokers. I once...

The Decline of the Olmec Civilization

The Decline of the Olmec Civilization The Olmec culture was Mesoamericas first great civilization. It thrived along Mexicos Gulf coast from approximately 1200 - 400 B.C. and is considered the mother culture of societies that came later, such as the Maya and Aztec. Many of the intellectual accomplishments of the Olmec, such as a writing system and calendar, were eventually adapted and improved by these other cultures. Around 400 B.C. the great Olmec city of La Venta went into decline, taking the Olmec Classic era with it. Because this civilization declined two thousand years before the arrival of the first Europeans into the region, no one is absolutely certain which factors led to its downfall. What Is Known About the Ancient Olmec The Olmec civilization  was named after the Aztec word for their descendants, who inhabited Olman, or the land of rubber. It is primarily known through  the study of their architecture and stone carvings. Although the Olmec had a writing system of sorts, no Olmec books have survived to modern day. Archaeologists have discovered two great Olmec cities: San Lorenzo and La Venta, in the present-day Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco respectively. The Olmec were talented stonemasons, who built structures and aqueducts. They were also gifted sculptors, carving stunning colossal heads without the use of metal tools. They had their own religion, with a priest class and at least eight identifiable gods. They were great traders and had connections with contemporary cultures all over Mesoamerica. The End of the Olmec Civilization Two great Olmec cities are known: San Lorenzo and La Venta. These are not the original names the Olmec knew them by: those names have been lost to time. San Lorenzo flourished on a large island in a river from about 1200 to 900 B.C., at which time it went into decline and was replaced in influence by La Venta. Around 400 B.C. La Venta went into decline and was eventually abandoned altogether. With the fall of La Venta came the end of classic Olmec culture. Although the descendants of the Olmecs still lived in the region, the culture itself vanished. The extensive trade networks the Olmecs had used fell apart. Jades, sculptures, and pottery in the Olmec style and with distinctly Olmec motifs were no longer created. What Happened to the Ancient Olmec? Archaeologists are still collecting clues that will unravel the mystery of what caused this mighty civilization to go into decline. It likely was a combination of natural ecological changes and human actions. The Olmecs relied on a handful of crops for their basic sustenance, including maize, squash, and sweet potatoes. Although they had a healthy diet with this limited number of foods, the fact that they relied so heavily on them made them vulnerable to climate changes. For example, a volcanic eruption could coat a region in ash or change the course of a river: such a calamity would have been disastrous to the Olmec people. Less dramatic climate changes, such as a drought, could severely affect their favored crops. Human actions likely played a role as well: warfare between the La Venta Olmecs and any one of a number of local tribes could have contributed to the societys downfall. Internal strife is also a possibility. Other human actions, such as over farming or destroying forests for agriculture could well have played a role as well. Epi-Olmec Culture When the Olmec culture went into decline, it didnt disappear entirely. Rather, it evolved into what historians refer to as Epi-Olmec culture. The Epi-Olmec culture is a link of sorts between the classic Olmec and the Veracruz Culture, which would begin to thrive to the north of the Olmec lands about 500 years later. The most important Epi-Olmec city was Tres Zapotes, Veracruz. Although Tres Zapotes never reached the grandeur of San Lorenzo or La Venta, it nevertheless was the most important city of its time. The people of Tres Zaptoes did not make monumental art on the scale of the olossal heads or the great Olmec thrones, but they nevertheless were great sculptors who left behind many important works of art. They also made great strides forward in writing, astronomy, and calendrics. Sources Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004.

Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Planning - Essay Example a. Demographic Trends Demographic patters offer a description of the changes, which involve sizes, age structure, geographic distribution, ethnic mix, and distribution of income (Ireland el at, 2009). These patterns enable the business to focus on understanding demographics of a certain area. Apparently, Wells Fargo Bank needs to understand alterations, which occur in different parts of America. Nevertheless, Wells Fargo has focused on the ability customize their market; for instance, numerous bankers are multi-lingual in order to increase their ability to deal with diverse population. b. Economic Trends Increasing rate of unemployment has been associated with high rates of interests and foreclosures. Well Fargo is focusing on avoiding the subprime market, which they feared more compared to their competitors during economy downfall. Moreover, the bank was able to pay the â€Å"bailout†, which was provided by the government and led to substantial profitability in 2010. During t his recession, the Well Fargo identified ways of assisting their customers and remaining profitable despite these economic conditions. c. Political Trends There are strict political and legal implications in the banking and mortgaging industry in which Wells Fargo Bank operates. In fact, these implications have effects, which lead to financial reforms laws. On the other hand, there are resent issues, which are influencing the trading in the financial industry. d. Social Trends Wells Fargo has depicted increased interest in taking their social responsibility; in fact, they have a vision of building their corporate vision to assist their customers and ensure that everyone is succeeding in the community. On the other hand, they focus on offering members of the society equal chances of opportunities and prosperity for different walks of life. Therefore, they are struggling in being socially responsible through their financial services. e. Technological Trends There are technological pat ters, which have become prevalent in banking industry; through in other situations it poses threat to financial businesses. There are numerous programs and firms that are operating online and they are exploiting technology as a source of competitive advantage. f. Global Trends Apparently, Wells Fargo does not operate in the global market; through they deal with customers from different counties and ethical background. In this case, the bank has identified the need for understanding the global perspective, which is highly applicable in to their business. g. Physical Trends The company runs efficiently, whereby they take numerous steps of protecting the natural resources, and this has significant benefits to the future generation. On the other hand, they Wells Fargo bank has gained ability to engage their customers and communities in stewardship effort, through which they achieve significant impact (Wells Fargo, 2009). h. Industry Environment The industry environment entails the barri ers to entry into the market, suppliers bargaining power, buyers bargaining power, availability of substitutes and competitive rivalry; in this case, industry environment is perceived in these dimensions. i. Operating Environment Operating environment entails five segments, which include competitors, creditors, customers, labor, and supplies. In this case, the competition has decreased significantly due to four choices in the financial

Integration of WIMAX to Broadband Networks Dissertation

Integration of WIMAX to Broadband Networks - Dissertation Example The degradation of transmitted radio signal due to interference from the external source of radio frequency energy diminishes the strength and quality of signal. This makes it difficult for the RF receiver to clearly distinguish the radio signal from background energy. The direct spectrum overlapping due to unidentified internal or external source is the root cause of this problem. The Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) helps to sub channelize and support adaptive modulation allowing the data rates and link quality to be balanced dynamically. This is essential to remove interference as per design layout of IEEE 802-16d (2004) standards. Ensuring proper site survey and round –the-clock access of the structure and the base station helps greatly to reduce the signal interference. Providing closer connectivity points such as towers and access points, and enhancing use of multiple connectivity choices, to make available to user, the best radio frequency, improves Quality of Service (QoS) immensely.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The IEEE 802-16e (2005) standards advocate use of SOFDMA technology that is suitable for using advanced and intelligent antennas to support coverage, facilitate self installation, reduce power consumption, enable frequency re-use, promote power consumption, promote band width efficiency   and provide full mobility support. The WIMAX certification allows complete interoperability with other certified products as long as they fit in same profile.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hand off system in the WIMAX technology helps to provide continuity.

Health assessment of newborn paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health assessment of newborn paper - Essay Example In addition, a child that is not breastfed is 15times more likely to die than breastfed children (Jones 2013). In later life, it is perceived that adults who were effectively breast fed have a high IQ than adults who were provided with formula. The IQ is more advanced if the adult was breastfed for a long period. Jones (2013) is of the assumption that children who are breastfed for a long period have a less probability of obesity in adulthood. The information should be provided to the mother during the child’s clinical visits. In addition, the health practitioner should also highlight the benefits of breast feeding to the mother. To enhance the understanding of the mother, the practitioner should provide the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Dietetic Association as recommendation sites. From the sites, the mother will effectively understand the benefits of breastfeeding. Ssemukasa, E. & Kearney, J. (2014). Six months of exclusive breastfeeding recommendation: how applicable is the universal exclusive breastfeeding recommendation policy? African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition & Development, 14 (4):

Track And Field training Essay Example for Free

Track And Field training Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Track and field sport is a contest in running, hurdling, walking, jumping, vaulting, and throwing. The track events (running, hurdling, and walking contests) are held on an oval track. The field events (jumping, vaulting, and throwing contests) are held at various areas nearby. The season begins indoors in winter and extends throughout the summer. A related sport, conducted in the autumn, is cross-country running. A track and field normally includes 10 to 30 of the more than 50 events. Most meets are held outdoors in spring and summer. Some are held in indoor arenas during the winter months. A meet may be for males only, or for females only, or for both sexes (see â€Å"Track and Field†. Grolier encyclopedia of knowledge, pp. 308-311 vol. 18). Men and women do not compete against each other. Most events are contests between individual athletes who represent different teams. Each person earns points for his team if he finishes an event in first, second, or third (and sometimes fourth, fifth, or sixth) place. The team with the highest score wins the meet. In the Olympic Games, however, only individual winners are recognized except in team sports. Moreover, the Track and field, or athletics as it is called in many countries. Track events are conducted over distances measured in metres or, in some American meets, in yards. Older American tracks are 440 yards in circumference, but most built since the late 1970s are 400 metres in circumference. The older tracks can easily be converted to metric distances). An indoor track is usually between 160 and 220 yards (or 150 and 200 meters) in circumstance. A lap is one time around the track (see â€Å"Track and Field†. Grolier encyclopedia of knowledge, pp. 308-311 vol. 18).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Running contests include dashes, or sprints (55 to 400 metres; 60 to 440 yards); middle-distance races; and long distance races (3,000 metres or 2 miles or more). Hurdling is a race over hurdles (barriers) that are spaced an equal distance apart on the track. Hurdles vary in height according to the age and sex of the competitors. The steeplechase is a 3,000-metre or 2-mile race over hurdles, hedges, and pools of water. In relay races, four-runner teams compete, each athlete running part of the distance. Walking events are races in which the contestants walk for a distance of 800 metres to 50,000 metres (31 miles) (see â€Å"Track and Field†. Grolier encyclopedia of knowledge, pp. 308-311 vol. 18).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The intents of this paper are to: (1) know the history of track and field and its rules and scoring; (2) be aware of the current information on track and field training and; (3) figure out the conditioning program/s of track and field training. Background History of track and field   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Track and field is one of the oldest of sports. Athletic contests were often held in conjunction with religious festivals, as with the Olympic games of ancient Greece. For 11 centuries, starting in 776 BC, these affairs— for men only—were enormously popular and prestigious events. The Romans continued the Olympic tradition until the time of the Christian emperor Theodosius, who banned the Games in AD 394. During the middle Ages except for a short-lived revival in 12th-centruy England, organized track and field as a modern sport impetus through their interclass meets, or meetings as they are still called in Britain and in 1849 the Royal Military Academy held the first organized track and field meet of modern times(see â€Å"Track and Field†. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. T-341-T-345 vol. 17). Not until the 1860s, however, did the sport flourish. In 1866 the first English championships were held by the newly formed Amateur Athletic Club. The Amateur Athletic Club gave way to the Amateur Athletic Association in 1880, which has conducted the annual national championships since that date. Although meets were held on the North American continent as early as 1839, track and field first gained popularity in the late 1860s, after the formation of the New York Athletic Club in 1868. The Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, an association of track and field clubs, was formed in 1887 and has governed the sport in the United States since then (see â€Å"Track and Field†. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. T-341-T-345 vol. 17). Rules and scoring   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All races are started by the firing gun by an official at the starting line. For races up to and including one lap of an outdoor track, the runners must stay for the entire distance lanes marked on the track. There may be six to eight lanes, with each lane usually measuring 1.2 m (4 ft.) in width. The winner in each race is the runner whose torso first breaks the vertical plane of the finish line. Races are timed either by mechanical watches or by more sophisticated, electronic photo-timers that can measure finishes to the hundredth of a second. Sometimes, owing to the number of contestants in a competition, qualifying rounds, or heats, are held to narrow the contestants down to the fastest runners (see â€Å"Track and Field†. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. T-341-T-345 vol. 17). Athletes in the field also have qualifying rounds. In the horizontal jumps and throws, athletes are allowed three preliminary attempts in the field numbers more than eight participants. Then the best performers are allowed three more attempts. In the vertical jumps—the high jump and pole vault—the participants are allowed to continue until they have three successive failures. If two or more contestants tie, the competitor with the fewest failures at the last height cleared it’s the winner; if still tied, the total number of failures is the deciding factor; if a tie remains, the total number of jumps is considered. Scoring systems differ according to the meet. Many national competitions are scored on the basis of 10 points for first place, 8 for second, on down to 1 point for sixth. In international meets, the scoring is 5 for first place, 3 for second, 2 for third, and 1 for fourth. The team with the highest total wins. For road races, cross-country meets, and walking competitions, the winner is given 1 point, the second-place finisher 2 points, and so on; the finish positions are totaled, and the team with the lowest score is the winner (see â€Å"Track and Field†. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. T-341-T-345 vol. 17). III. Discussion Current information on track and field training   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three vital cycles in a track and field training program and these are the pre-season (happens in September throughout mid November), an indoor season (happens from December through early March, and the outdoor season—later part of March through early June (see â€Å"Track and Field Training†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pre-season normally includes of â€Å"getting into shape† for the upcoming seasons. This program will include of â€Å"weight room, cardiovascular work, sprint mechanics, and core strength for the abdominals, hips and lower back† (see â€Å"Track and Field Training†). The training program must not be severe to keep away from burnout toward the end of the season. In each season, the recovery periods are essential. During the track and field training program, lifting like â€Å"cleans, squats and dead lifts† may be included three times a week. Another exercise that can be included in the training is the arm work like â€Å"bench, military, lat pull, and pull ups† (see â€Å"Track and Field Training†). Moreover, the coach needs to identify that in pre-season conditioning, there are four main areas that require to be enhanced for any track and field athlete. Various exercises are part of the track and field training and if the exercises for a specific body part have been recognized, circuits may be made so that the specific aspect will be managed properly. The circuits need to be timed instead of indicating an exact quantity of exercise in which every athlete is given a chance to work on with his/her own ability and abdomen circuit is of the examples. This circuit is timed by 30 recommended to be â€Å"30 seconds on 30 seconds off for every exercise† (see Hackett, Brad. â€Å"Pre-Season Conditioning).    ØAbdomen Circuit 30 on 30 off  ª Crunches  ª V-Sits  ª Opposite Knee (Chinnies)  ª Double Leg Eagles  ª Toe Touches  ª Leg Toss  ª Back Hypers with a twist  ª Side Ups Conditioning program/s of track and field training.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the general training season, circuit training is significant. If the circuit training for the pre-season conditioning is done earlier, the coach still has the chance to enhance the fitness level of the team without endangering the individual. In general preparation and conditioning, there are things to be followed and these are in place jumps, bounding, box jumps, hurdle hops, abdomen circuit, multi shot throws, general strength circuit, weight room, and track workouts (see Hackett, Brad. â€Å"Pre-Season Conditioning).    Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Track and field, or athletics as it is called in many countries, is the designation given to contests for men and women that involve running, jumping for height and distance, and throwing for distance using implements of standardized design. Competitions in Track and Field are called meets and are usually held outdoors. Track and field training involves conditioning programs that make the athletes more competitive during the season. References â€Å"Track and Field Training†. http://www.athletesacceleration.com/track-and-field-training.html Hackett, Brad. â€Å"Pre-Season Conditioning†. http://www.everythingtrackandfield.com/catalog/matriarch/OnePiecePage.asp_Q_PageID_E_151_A_PageName_E_ArticlePreSeasonConditioning â€Å"Track and Field†. Grolier encyclopedia of knowledge, pp. 308-311 vol. 18 â€Å"Track and Field†. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. T-341-T-345 vol. 17

A Comparison of Greek and Norse Mythology Essay -- essays research pap

Hundreds of years ago people did not have the technology to explain different forces of nature. They created gods, each with separate powers, to rule their domains. Some of the gods were merciful, some were wicked, and others were merely servants of more powerful gods. Looking at the gods, it is easy to tell what the civilization most valued. I am going to look at the Greek and the Norse gods to compare what was most important to their societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both cultures had a king of the gods. In Greek mythology there is no god who is more powerful than Zeus. He is the youngest son of Cronus and Rhea, ruler of the Titans. Cronus was told that one of his children would overthrow him, taking control of his kingdom. To be sure this would not happen, Cronus swallowed his first five children: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Rhea could not bear to see another one of her children, devoured so she replaced Zeus with a rock wrapped in swaddling. Cronus, thinking he ate Zeus, left Rhea time to leave Zeus in a cave where he was raised by a divine goat, Amaltheia (pantheon/odin). After Zeus was grown he went back to Cronus with the help of Gaia and Metis, who made an elixir to cause Cronus to vomit his brothers and sisters. Zeus then led the fights against the Titan dynasty. Afterwards they banished the Titans to Tartarus, the lowest place on earth, even lower than the underworld. Zeus and his brothers then drew str aws to find who would rule where. Zeus gained rule of the sky, Poseidon ruled the seas, and Hades ruled the underworld (pantheon/odin).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zeus is the god of law, justice, morals, thunder, lightning, and rain. It was his job to oversee and make sure laws were being kept. He was worshipped originally as a weather god. He was depicted as a middle-aged man with a youthful appearance; he was regale and was almost always shown ready to throw a lightning bolt (pantheon/zeus).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Odin is the ruler of the gods in Norse mythology. He was stuck by his own spear pinned to the World Tree. There he learned nine songs and eighteen runes. Odin lives in Asgard; from his throne he observes everything that happens in the nine worlds. Valhalla is a hall in Asgard where the dead warriors are taken; Odin is also known to reside there (pantheon/odin).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Odin is the... ...sions of the mythology, it is easy to tell what the cultures held in high regard. The Greeks were a civil people; their chief deity was a god of law, justice, and morals. The Norse, on the other hand, were a people of war. Their chief god was a god of war and death, and the only way to Valhalla was to die honorably in battle. Examining these mythologies is an excellent way to show the similarities and differences of the two cultures. References http://edweb.sdsu/people/bdodge/scffold/GG/titans.html 3 pages, accessed April 10, 2004 http://encyclopdia.thefreedictionary.com/Norse%20Giants 1 page, accessed April 7, 2004 http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/ent/A0823459.html 3 pages, accessed April 10, 2004 http://www.messagenet.com/myths/bios/hades.html 3 pages, accessed April 10, 2004 http://www.pentheon.com/articles/o/odin.html 1 page, accessed April 7, 2004. Created on March 3 1997, Modified Feb. 12, 2004. Encyclopedia Mythica 1995-2004 http://www.pentheon.com/articles/z/zeus.html 2 page, accessed April 7, 2004. Created on March 3 1997, Modified March 19. 12, 2004. Encyclopedia Mythica 1995-2004 Long, Gareth, http://webhome.indirect.com/~delong 3 pages Accessed April 12, 2004

In what ways does Shakespeare make the opening scenes of Macbeth dramatic? Essay

The play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare is skilfully structured to engage an audience’s interest through effective techniques in the opening scenes. These are the use of setting, characterisation, language and the structure of the play. The setting is cleverly used to create the appropriate atmosphere to the scene and plays on the 17th century expectations and assumptions of weather. The characters introduced in the opening scenes are captivating, Shakespeare’s use of rhyme, rhythm, repetition and dialogue help establish this. The play’s structure in the scenes and character’s dialogue create an engaging and inquiring effect, helping to make the opening scenes of Macbeth captivate the audience’s interest. The setting in the opening scenes is crafted to create a dramatic effect through the place its set in and the weather used. In act one, scene one, the stage directions are given as â€Å"An open place†¦Thunder and lightening. Enter three witches.† This is quite significant, especially in the 17th century, as in those superstitious times it was believed that storms were representative of and released forces of evil. The audience is already informed that it’s a spooky and eerie atmosphere and are then intrigued as to what frightening or supernatural event might follow. A stormy setting is used prior to the witches’ entrance in both scene one and three, which acts as an effective prelude to a sinister and immoral mood. Act one, scene three’s stage description â€Å"A heath†¦thunder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is not only using pathetic fallacy to set the evil and unsettled tone, but also landscape. A heath can be described as wasteland overgrown with shrubs, uncultivated. This uncared for and abandoned environment reflects that the witches are socially unacceptable and rejected, emphasising and reminding the audience how ill-favoured and god-awful these witches are. This provokes the audience’s curiosity as they’re ‘sheltered’ or not used to seeing this kind of living, and shows the dramatic impact Shakespeare crafts through setting. Another technique used to maintain interest and stimulate inquisitiveness is the structure of the opening scenes. Shakespeare purposely organises the order in which the characters are introduced and limits the storyline revealed to the audience to captivate them. The first scene with the witches mentions their plans involving Macbeth. â€Å"There to meet with Macbeth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and as the character of Macbeth hasn’t yet made an entrance, the audience indecisively creates an image of doom around him, as his name is associated with the witches. However, scene two sets up a more assuring perception of Macbeth. The Captain praises his name and noble actions to King Duncan, â€Å"For brave Macbeth†¦disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel†, this follow through scene leaves the audience assured, but having the preceding thought of Macbeth being doomed creates curiosity in the audience. Having been introduced to two completely contrasting personas of Macbeth, the audience wants to know whether he will turn out to continue being noble or change to being evil. In scene three Macbeth meets with the witches, as they’d predicted at the beginning of the play. They then foretell Macbeth’s destiny as becoming Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and then King, â€Å"All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!†¦Thane of Cawdor!†¦that shalt be King hereafter!† In sequence, Macbeth is informed that he’s now Thane of Cawdor. â€Å"And for an earnest of a greater honour†¦call thee Thane of Cawdor.† The audience is now aware that the witches’ predictions have been proven correct. Macbeth is also now aware of this, and a curious seed of greed has been planted into his mind. This is where he then starts brooding on thoughts of becoming King, and what he might have to do to achieve this, â€Å"†¦My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Aside to the audience, Macbeth is explaining his thoughts of killing Duncan, in order to be King. This creates a lot of interest amongst the audience as Macbeth was described as being a noble, respectable and courageous man prior to his soliloquy, yet now after the witches’ prediction has come true, Macbeth is falling into the witches hands- favouring their other prediction of him becoming King. This order of events is effective in the way that intrigue is raised as to whether Macbeth will become King or not. Structure is not only used in the scenes, but also in the dialogue to build up an alluring and tense effect. In scene two the Captain has been delivering victorious news about a battle Macbeth had led to triumph. In sequel he begins â€Å"†¦whence comfort seemed to come, discomfort swells.† The Captain raises Duncan’s expectations of defeat by using ‘comfort’ and ‘discomfort’ as contrasting words. Duncan now assumes an unsuccessful loss, as well as the audience, â€Å"Dismayed not this our captains, Macbeth and Banquo?† However the Captain continues to announce Macbeth’s second victory, â€Å"†¦As cannons overcharged†¦strokes upon the foe.† His order of dialogue, by preparing Duncan for loss, effectively emphasises the victorious event of Macbeth’s second triumph in battle. So Shakespeare’s use of structure in scenes and dialogue contribute to making the opening scenes of Macbeth dramatic. Setting and structure in the opening scenes are used effectively to engage the audience’s interest. Furthermore the characters and language Shakespeare constructs are the utmost intriguing, completing the dramatic tone in the opening scenes of Macbeth. In act one, scene one the witches’ dialogue is in rhyme and rhythm, â€Å"When shall we three meet again In thunder, lightening, or in rain?† This gives it a sense of chanting and makes it spell-like, emphasising the supernatural characterisation of them. Another example of the witches speaking in rhyming couplets is in scene 3, â€Å"But in a sieve I’ll thither sail, and like a rat without a tail†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This habit is not only spell-like, but it also separates the witches from the other characters in the play, accentuating the fact that they’re evil and opposing to the natural ways of humanity. The three witches also take it in turns to speak, completing and answering each other’s speech. This pattern and unity suggests that they act together like one, almost as if they’re representing an inverse of the holy trinity. This underlying image of them is significant in the way of reversing the ‘natural order’ that God had originally set up- again opposing to the natural ways of humanity. This is also shown through a spell they chant together in scene one, â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair†. They believe everything evil is good, contradicting what the society they live in believes- that everything evil is bad and sinful. Another habit of the witches’ speech is repetition of threes. In scene three witch 1 is discussing taking revenge on a woman’s husband, as she’d not given her chestnuts, â€Å"†¦and munched, and munched, and munched†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Aroint thee witch,’†¦I’ll do, I’ll do, and I’ll do.† The woman tells the witch to get lost, ‘aroint’, and this angers the witch to take revenge, ‘I’ll do’. To speak words or phrases in triplets really states how powerful or magical they are as in Shakespeare’s time the number 3, and multiples of 3, were regarded as magic numbers. The witches cite triplets and magic numbers a number of times in the opening scenes, â€Å"†¦nine times nine†¦thrice to thine, and thrice to mine, and thrice again, to make up nine.† So in addition to speaking in rhyming couplets and rhythm, Shakespeare uses society’s superstition to enhance the witches’ dark and forbidden characterisation. In addition to these unusual ways of speaking, the witches are portrayed to be physically unappealing. Banquo’s first impression was dismayed and confused, â€Å"What are these, so withered, and so wild in their attire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He describes how unattractive and degraded they appear, â€Å"†¦look not like th’ inhabitants o’ th’ earth†¦Live you, or are you aught that man may question?† Banquo is suggesting that they look nothing like humans, and is hesitant to ask if they are as he fears they’re evil spirits. This really exemplifies the witches’ characteristics to be spooky, eerie and devious. This would be more so appealing to an Elizabethan audience as they’d been sheltered and kept away from anything dark and sinful. Being able to witness these strange characters on stage would be extremely interesting. By constructing the witches to be physically unattractive enhances the intrigue, as they’re even more u nfamiliar and ‘different’. This helps to capture the audience’s intrigue and make the opening scenes dramatic. As well as the witches, Macbeth is set up to be a very interesting character successfully captivating the audience in the opening scenes. As discussed in the structure of the play, Macbeth is portrayed to be a very loyal, courageous and noble man. To depict these qualities, Shakespeare uses descriptive language which is very effective, especially when the Captain compares Macbeth to Macdonwald, â€Å"†¦multiplying villainies of nature do swarm upon him [Macdonwald]†¦like a rebel’s whore† Using a harsh and sinful tone about Macdonwald sets up a great contrast against Macbeth, â€Å"For brave Macbeth†¦ with his brandished steel, which smoked with bloody execution, like valour’s minion carved out his passage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Captain’s description of Macbeth not only seems incredibly worthy compared to Macdonwald, but also mighty and potent due to using bold words such as ‘brandished’, ‘smoked’ and ‘carved’. The Captain also glorifies Macbeth through the use of irony. As in the discussion on the play’s structure, the Captain had prepared Duncan for bad news only to praise Macbeth’s second victory. He says the second attack dismayed Macbeth and Banquo as much â€Å"As sparrows [dismayed] eagles, or the hare [dismayed] the lion.† Macbeth is being described as an eagle or lion that prey upon the sparrows and the hare, which represent the King of Norway- the second opposition. Eagles and lions are very majestic animals in the animal kingdom, giving Macbeth a high authority and status. The dialogue is kept very enthralling through different techniques. Assonance keeps the pace quick and poetic to listen to, â€Å"†¦doubly redoubled strokes upon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Some of the similes used are very effective â€Å"As cannons overcharged with double cracks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Captain is describing the power and conquest Macbeth has over the King of Norway, ‘overcharged with double cracks’ creates a very powerful image as it’s described to be immoderate- more than enough. Another technique common in the character’s dialogue is the use of metaphors. Again when the Captain is lauding Macbeth, he refers to him as â€Å"Bellona’s bridegroom†. This trope instantly gives Macbeth a high status and supremacy as it’s referring to him as Mars, the god of war, who was wedded to Bellona. All these high praises have set up the audience’s perception of Macbeth to be very valiant, and this makes his developing characterisation to be intriguing because the audience wants to see if he can be both n oble and associated with the witches. Even though Macbeth’s persona is portrayed to be noble, his righteous ways are uncertain when the audience meets him which hooks the audience. His first words in his first entrance mimic the witches’ in scene one, â€Å"So foul and fair a day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although Macbeth is presumably referring to the bad weather yet satisfying victories, this echo of ‘foul and fair’ suggests that Macbeth is sub-consciously crossing over to the evil ways and beliefs of the witches. It could also be suggesting that even though Macbeth isn’t aware, the witches are already in control of him. Either way, the echo of ‘foul and fair’ underlies a connection to the witches and their evil characteristics. This possibility of Macbeth being villainous only increases after the witches’ prediction of him becoming thane of Cawdor comes true. Macbeth then obsesses with the idea of becoming King and tries to evaluate this occurrence, questioning whether the wi tches only let this come true to gain his trust so they can betray him. â€Å"If ill, why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor.† Macbeth questions why these predictions might be bad if it has made him successful as a Thane. â€Å"If good, why do I yield to that suggestion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  By suggestion, Macbeth means the thought of him killing Duncan to be King, â€Å"†¦my thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As he’s in this state of confusion, it intrigues the audience to think whether Macbeth will turn evil or stay true to his virtues. In the end of his deliberation, he decides to let destiny take its place without his interference, â€Å"†¦chance will have me King†¦without my stir† This lessens the tension of the audience until noble Macbeth hears that Duncan is naming his son future King. â€Å"We will establish our estate upon our eldest, Malcolm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Despite Macbeth originally deciding to let destiny take place, he instantly sees Malcolm as an obstacle to becoming King, â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland-that is a step, On which I must fall down, or else o’erleap, For in my way it lies.† His obsessing ambition now makes him consciously think evil deeds. â€Å"†¦Stars hide your fires, Let not light see my black and deep desires.† By referring to his thoughts as ‘desires’, it’s evidently showing that Macbeth is crossing over to the witches ‘side’- believing in what they believe. The other characters are unaware of this; it’s only Macbeth and the audience who know. This makes the development of the play enthralling to the audience, as they want to know how the other characters fall into Macbeth’s other persona, his dark side. He continues his obsession, describing how awful his thoughts are. â€Å"The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be, Which the eye fears when it is done to see.† Macbeth’s saying ‘the eye’, any witnesses, should be blind to what he’s about to do (in thought) as, if anyone’s exposed to what he’s done they’ll be in fear. Alternatively, Macbeth could be suggesting that his eyes should be blind to what his hands are doing (his actions) as if he let’s both his personas clash (his noble side and evil side), he’ll regret what he’s done. Macbeth’s character is so episodic, changing his beliefs and qualities from scene to scene. The language in the dialogue is so varied and interesting through assonance, irony, similes and metaphors, that the audience are immediately absorbed and inquiring. The opening scenes of Macbeth are made dramatic through a series of techniques including setting, structure, characters and language. Shakespeare effectively uses weather and landscape to create and enhance an eerie and immoral mood, mostly prior to the witches’ entrance. Intrigue is also stimulated through the play’s structure, in both Shakespeare’s order of scenes and use of dialogue. Limiting the storyline revealed and purposely organising the order in which characters are introduced develop anticipation and inquisitiveness amongst the audience. Overall the characters and language introduced in the opening scenes are the utmost captivating. Their characterisations are constructed through language compiling of techniques such as similes, assonance, metaphors, rhythm, rhyme and irony. All of these effectively help to make the opening scenes of Macbeth extremely enthralling, interesting and dramatic.